* denotes students or former students
    Machine Learning and Health
  1. Zhou, W., Eckler, S., Barszczyk, A., Waese-Perlman, A., Wang, Y., Gu, X., Feng, Z.P., Peng, Y. & Lee, K. (2021). Waist circumference prediction for epidemiological research using gradient boosted trees. BMC Med Res Methodol 21, 47. doi.org/10.1186/s12874-021-01242-9
  2. Liu, S., Sun, Y.H., Waese-Perlman, A.A., Lee, N.Y., Zhang, H., Lee, K. (2022). Symptom based models of COVID-19 infection using AI. In: Lidströmer, N., Eldar, Y.C. (eds) Artificial Intelligence in Covid-19. Springer, Cham. doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08506-2_8
  3. Sun, Y.H., Luo, H. & Lee, K. (2022). A Novel Approach for Developing Efficient and Convenient Short Assessments to Approximate a Long Assessment. Behavior Research Methods. doi.org/10.3758/s13428-021-01771-7
  4. Sun, Y.H., Liu, Q., Lee, N.Y., Li, X., & Lee, K. (2022). A novel machine learning approach to shorten depression risk assessment for convenient uses. Journal of Affective Disorders, 312, 275–291. doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2022.06.035
    5. Deception and Acdemic Integrity
  5. Zhao, L., Mao, H., Zheng, J., Fu, G., Compton, B. J., Heyman, G. D., & Lee, K. (in press). Default settings affect children’s decisions about whether to be honest. Cognition.
  6. Zhao L., Zheng Y., Zhao J., Li G., Compton B. J., Zhang R., Fang F., Heyman, G. D., & Lee, K. (in press). Cheating among elementary school children: A machine learning approach. Child Development.
  7. Zhao, L, Zheng, Y., Zhao, J., Zhang, R., Fang, F., Fu, G., & Lee K. (In press). The application of artificial intelligence methods in examining elementary school students' academic cheating on homework and its key predictors. Acta Psychologica.
  8. Zhao, L., Peng, J., Dong, L. D., Compton, B. J., Zhong, Z., Li, Y., Mao, H., Ye, J., Heyman, G. D., & Lee, K. (2023). Academic cheating interferes with learning among middle school children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 226.
  9. Zhao, L., Peng, J., Dong, L. D., Li, Y., Mao, H., Compton, B. J., Ye, J., Li, G., Heyman, G. D., & Lee, K. (2022). Dataset of the effect of difficulty messaging on academic cheating in middle school Chinese children. Data in Brief.
  10. Zhao, L., Mao, H., Compton, B. J., Peng, J., Fu, G., Fang, F., Heyman, G. D., & Lee, K. (2022). Academic dishonesty and its relations to peer cheating and culture: A meta-analysis of the perceived peer cheating effect. Educational Research Review, 36, 1–22.
  11. Gill, H., Li, Y., Batool, K., Lee, K., & Cameron, C.A. (2022). Transforming mixed-methods research from in-lab to online: A study of academic integrity. SAGE Research Methods Cases.
  12. Zhao, L., Peng, J., Dong, L., Li, Y., Mao, H., Compton, B., Ye, J., Li, G., Heyman, G., & Lee, K. (2022). Effects of test difficulty messaging on academic cheating among middle school children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology. doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2022.105417
  13. Zhao, L., Zheng, Y., Compton, B. J., Qin, W., Sun, W., Fang, F., Fu, G., Heyman, G. D., & Lee, K. (2022). Subtle alterations of the physical environment can nudge young children to cheat Less. Developmental Science, 25(3). e13190.
  14. O'Connor, A. M., Judges, R. A., Lee, K., & Evans, A. D. (2021). Examining honesty-humility and cheating behaviors across younger and older adults. International Journal of Behavioral Development.
  15. O'Connor, A. M., Judges, R. A., Lee, K., & Evans, A. D. (2021). Can adults discriminate between fraudulent and legitimate emails? Examining the role of age and prior fraud experience. Journal of Elder Abuse & Neglect. doi.org/10.1080/08946566.2021.1934767
  16. Zhao, L., Compton, B.J., Heyman, G.D., & Lee, K. (2021). Effects of trust and threat messaging on academic cheating: A field study. Psychological Science. doi.org/10.1177/0956797620977513
  17. Zhao, L., Zheng, Y., Mao, H., Zheng, J., Compton, B.J., Fu, G., Heyman, G.D., & Lee, K. (2021). Using environmental nudges to reduce academic cheating in young children. Developmental Science. doi.org/10.1111/desc.13108
  18. Zanette, S., Walsh, M., Augimeri, L., & Lee, K. (2020). Differences and similarities in lying frequency, moral judgements, and beliefs about lying among children with and without conduct problems. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 192, 10476.
  19. Li, Q., Heyman, G., Compton, B., & Lee, K. (2020). Susceptibility to being lured away by a stranger: A real-world field test of selective trust in early childhood. Psychological Science. doi.org/10.1177/0956797620966526
  20. Heyman, G.D., Ding, X.P., Fu, G., Xu, F., Compton, B.J., & Lee, K. (2020). Young children selectively hide the truth about sensitive topics. Cognitive Science. doi.org/10.1111/cogs.12824
  21. Zhao, L., Chen, L., Sun, W., Compton, B. J., Lee, K., & Heyman, G. D. (2020). Young children are more likely to cheat after overhearing that a classmate is smart. Developmental Science, 23, e12930. doi.org/10.1111/desc.12930
  22. Zhao, L., Zheng, Y., Compton, B.J., Qin, W., Zheng, J., Fu, G., Lee, K., & Heyman, G.D. (2020). The moral barrier effect: Real and imagined barriers can reduce cheating. PNAS, 117 (32), 19101-19107.
  23. Setoh, P., Santos, R., Zhao, S., Zhang, L., Heyman, G.D., & Lee, K. (in press). Parents with greater religiosity lie less to their children. Journal of Psychology of Religion and Spirituality.
  24. Zanette, S., Walsh, M., Augimeri, L., & Lee, K. (2020). Differences and similarities in lying frequency, moral judgements, and beliefs about lying among children with and without conduct problems. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 192, 10476. [link to pdf]
  25. Bauer, K., Ding, X.P., Zanette, S., Lyon, T., & Lee, K. (2019). Identifying liars through automatic decoding of children’s facial expressions. Child Development. doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13336 [link to pdf]
  26. Ma, F.*, Heyman, C.D., Jing, C.*, Fu, Y., Compton, B.J., Xu, F., & Lee, K. (2018). Promoting honesty in young children through observational learning. Journal of experimental child psychology, 167, 234-245.
  27. Li, Z.*, Chen, L*., Sun, W.*, Compton, B.J., Lee, K., Heyman, G.D. (2018). Young children are more likely to cheat after overhearing that a classmate is smart. Developmental Science.
  28. Evans, A. D., O’Connor, A. M., Lee, K. (2018). Verbalizing a commitment reduces cheating in young children. Social Development, 27 (1), 87-94. doi.org/10.1111/sode.12253
  29. Talwar, V.*, Hubbard, K.*, Saykaly, C.*, Lee K, Lindsay RCL, &, Bala N. (2018). Does parental coaching affect children's false reports? Comparing verbal markers of deception. Behavioral Science & Law. 2018;36:84–97. doi.org/10.1002/bsl.2331
  30. Zhao, L.*, Heyman, G.D., Chen, L.*, Sun, W.*, Zhang, R.*, & Lee, K. (2018). Cheating in the name of others: Offering prosocial justifications promotes unethical behavior in young children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 177, 187-196. doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2018.08.006
    31. Face Processing
  31. Bauer, K., Ding, X.P., Zanette, S., Lyon, T., & Lee, K. (2020). Identifying liars through automatic decoding of children’s facial expressions. Child Development. doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13336
  32. Quinn, P. C., Lee, K., & Pascalis, O. (2019). Face processing in infancy and beyond: The case of social categories. Annual Review of Psychology, 70, 165-189. [link to pdf]
  33. Xiao, N. G.*, & Lee, K., (2018). iTemplate: A template-based eye movement data analysis approach. Behavior Research Methods. doi.org/10.3758/s13428-018-1015-x
  34. Wang, Z.*, Quinn, P.C., Jin, H.*, Tanaka, J.W., Pascalis, O., & Lee, K. (2018). A regional composite-face effect for species-specific recognition: Upper and lower halves play different roles in holistic processing of monkey faces. Vision Research. Doi: doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2018.03.004 [link to pdf]
  35. Liu, S., Quinn, P., Xia, N. G., Wu, Z., Lee, K. (2018). Relations between scanning and recognition of own- and other-race faces in 6- and 9-month-old infants: Face scanning-recognition relations to infants. PsyCh Journal, 7(2), 92-102. doi.org/10.1002/pchj.211
  36. Zhou, G.*, Liu, J.*, Xiao, N.G.*, Wu, S.J.*, Li, H., & Lee, K. (2018) The Fusiform Face Area plays a greater role in holistic processing for own-race faces than other-race faces. Frontiers of Human Neuroscience, 12, 220. doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2018.00220 [link to pdf]
    37. Development
  37. Sai, L., Shang, S. Tay, C., Liu, X., Sheng, T., Fu, G., Ding, X. P., & Lee, K. (2021). Theory of mind, executive function, and lying in children: A meta-analysis. Developmental Science. doi.org/10.1111/desc.13096
  38. Jackson, R., Akbulut, M.E., Zanette, S., Selçuk, B., & Lee, K. (2021). Parenting by lying in Turkey: Associations with negative psychosocial outcomes and psychopathy in adulthood. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications. 8, 202 (2021).
  39. Decety, J., et al. (2021). An investigation of children’s empathic dispositions and behaviors across seven countries. Infant and Child Development. doi.org/10.1002/icd.2251
  40. Quinn, P. C., Lee, K., & Pascalis, O. (2020). Beyond perceptual development: Infant responding to social categories. Advances in Child Development and Behavior, 58, 35-61.
  41. Setoh, P., Santos, R., Zhao, S., Zhang, L., Heyman, G.D., & Lee, K. (2020). Parents with greater religiosity lie less to their children. Journal of Psychology of Religion and Spirituality. doi.org/10.1037/rel0000377
  42. Woo, P. J., Quinn, P.C., Meary, D., Kang Lee, Pascalis, O. (in press). Developmental investigation of the other-race categorization advantage in a multiracial population: Contrasting social categorization and perceptual expertise accounts. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology.
  43. Samek, A., Cowell, J., Cappelen, A. Cheng, Y., Contreras-Ibanez, C., Gomez-Sicard, N., Gonzalez-Gadea, M.L., Huepe, D., Ibanez, A., Lee, K., Malcolm-Smith, S. Salas, N., Selcuk, B., Tungodden, B., Wong, A., Zhou, X., & Decety, J. (2020). The development of social comparisons and sharing behavior across 12 countries. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 192,104778. [link to pdf]
  44. Quinn, P. C., Lee, K., Pascalis, O., & Xiao, N. G. (2020). Emotional expressions reinstate recognition of other-race faces in infants following perceptual narrowing. Developmental Psychology. doi.org/10.1037/dev0000858
  45. Setoh, P., Zhao, S., Santos, R., Heyman, G. D., & Lee, K. (2020). Parenting by lying in childhood is associated with negative developmental outcomes in adulthood. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology. doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2019.104680 [link to pdf]
  46. Setoh, P., Zhao, S., Santos, R., Heyman, G.D., & Lee, K. (2019). Dataset on childhood exposure to parenting by lying and its associations with adulthood psychosocial outcomes in a Singapore sample. Data in Brief. doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2019.104472 [link to pdf]
  47. Zhao, L., Sun, W., Jia, X., He, X., Liu, Y., Lee, K., Fu, G., Compton, B., & Heyman, G. (2019). Young children selectively ignore quality to promote self-interest. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 188. doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2019.104679
  48. Carstensen, A., Zhang, J., Heyman, G. D., Fu, G., Lee, K., & Walker, C. M., (2019). Context shapes early diversity in abstract thought. PNAS, 116 (28) 13891-13896. [link to pdf]
  49. Quinn, P.C., Lee, K., & Pascalis, O. (2018). Perception of face race by infants: Five developmental changes. Child Developmental Perspectives, 12(3). doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12286
  50. Creel, S.C., Weng, M.*, Fu, G., Heyman, G.D., & Lee, K. (2018). Speaking a tone language enhances musical pitch perception in 3-5-year-olds. Developmental Science. doi.org/10.1111/desc.12503
  51. Xiao, N. G.*, Mukaida, M.*, Quinn, P. C., Pascalis, O., & Lee, K., & Itakura, S. (2018). Narrowing in face and speech perception in infancy: Evidence for developmental change in the relations between domains. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 176, 113-127. doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2018.06.007
  52. Heron-Delaney, M., Quinn, P., Damon, F., Lee, K., Pascalis, O. (2018). Development of preferences for differently aged faces of different races. Social Development, 27(1), 172-186. doi.org/10.1111/sode.12253 [link to pdf]
  53. Ma, F.*, Chen, B.*, Xu, F., Lee, K., & Heyman, C.D., (2018). Generalized trust predicts young children’s willingness to delay gratification. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 169 (2018) 118–125.
  54. Wade, M., Prime, H., Jenkins, J.M., Yeates, K.O., Williams, T., & Lee, K. (2018). On the relation between theory of mind and executive functioning: A developmental cognitive neuroscience perspective. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 25(2). doi.org/10.3758/s13423-018-1459-0
  55. Ma, F.*, Heyman, G.D., Xiao, L.*, Xu, F., Compton, B.J., & Lee, K. (2018). Modesty can promote trust: Evidence from China. Social Development. doi.org/10.1111/sode.12327
  56. Ding, X. P.*, Heyman, G. D., Sai, L.*, Yuan, F., Winkielman, P., Fu, G., & Lee, K. (2018). Learning to deceive has cognitive benefits. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 176, 26-38. doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2018.07.008
  57. Huppert, Cowell, J.M., Cheng, Y., Contreras-Ibáñez, C., Gomez-Sicard, N.,, Gonzalez-Gaeda, L.M., Huepe, D., Ibanez, A., Lee, K., Mahasneh, R., Malcolm-Smith, S., ..., and Decety, J. (2018). The development of children’s preferences for equality and equity across 13 individualistic and collectivist cultures. Developmental Science. doi.org/10.1111/desc.12729 [link to pdf]
    58. Racial Bias
  58. Singh, L., Phneah, K.T., Wijayaratne, D.C., Lee, K., & Quinn, P.C. (2022). Effects of interracial experience on the race preferences of infants. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 216.
  59. Qian, K.M., Yu, C., Fu, G., Heyman, G., & Lee, K. (2022). Young children form generalized attitudes based on a single encounter with an outgroup member. Developmental Science.
  60. Chen, J., Yuan, P., Li, H., Chen, C., Jiang, Y., & Lee, K. (2021). Music-reading expertise associates with face but not Chinese character processing ability. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology.
  61. Qian, M., Heyman, G. D., Quinn, P. C., Messi F. A., Fu, G., & Lee, K. (2021). Age-related differences in implicit and explicit racial biases in Cameroonians. Developmental Psychology, 57(3), 386–396.
  62. Singh, L., Tan, A.R.Y., Lee, K. & Quinn, P.C. (2020). Sensitivity to race in language comprehension in monolingual and bilingual infants. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 199, 104933. doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2020.104933
  63. Singh, L., Moh, Y., Quinn, P.C., Ding, X.P. & Lee, K. (2020). Cognitive flexibility and parental education differentially predict implicit and explicit race biases in bilingual children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology. doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2020.105059
  64. Quinn, P. C., Lee, K., Pascalis, O., & Xiao, N. G. (2020). Emotional expressions reinstate recognition of other-race faces in infants following perceptual narrowing. Developmental Psychology. doi.org/10.1037/dev0000858
  65. Singh, L., Quinn, P.C., Xiao, N.G., & Lee, K. (2019). Monolingual but not bilingual infants demonstrate racial bias in social cue use. Developmental Science.
  66. Qian, M. K., Heyman, G. D., Quinn, P. C., Fu, G., & Lee, K. (2019). Differential developmental courses of implicit and explicit biases for different other-race classes. Developmental Psychology. 55(7), 1440–1452. doi.org/10.1037/dev0000730 [link to pdf]
  67. Singh, L., Quinn, P.C., Qian, M.K., & Lee, K. (2020). Bilingualism is associated with less racial bias in preschool children. Developmental Psychology.
    68. Transdermal Optical Imaging
  68. Fu, G., Zhou, X., Wu, S. J., Nikoo, H., Panesar, D., Zheng, P. P., Oatley, K., & Lee, K. (2022). Discrete emotions discovered by contactless measurement of facial blood flows. Cognition & Emotion.
  69. Steinman, J., Barszczyk, A., Sun, H., Lee, K., & Feng, Z. (2021). Smartphone and video cameras: Future methods for blood pressure measurement. Frontiers in Digital Health: Health Informatics.
  70. Shou, L., Huang, W.W., Barszczyk, A., Wu, S. J., Han, H., Waese-Perlman, A., Chen, L., Wei, J., Luo, H., & Lee, K. (2021). Blood biomarkers predict cardiac workload using machine learning. Biomed Research International. doi.org/10.1155/2021/6172815
  71. Zhou, W., Wang, Y., Gu, X., Feng, Z.P. Lee, K., Peng, Y. & Barszczyk. A. (2021). Importance of general adiposity, visceral adiposity and vital signs in predicting blood biomarkers using machine learning. International Journal of Clinical Practice. doi.org/10.1111/ijcp.13664
  72. Salih, H., Wu, S.J., Kabakov, E., Lee., K. & Zhou, W. (2021). Smartphone-based Identification of Critical Levels of Glycated Hemoglobin A1c using Transdermal Optical Imaging. UTSC Journal of Natural Sciences, 1, 62-72.
  73. Pham, C., Poorzargar, K., Nagappa, M., Saripella1, A., Parotto, M., Englesakis, M., Lee, K., & Chung, F. (2021). Effectiveness of consumer grade contactless vital signs monitors: a systematic review and meta analysis. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing doi.org/10.1007/s10877-021-00734-9
  74. Barszczyk, A., Yang, D, Wei, J., Huang, W., Feng, ZP, Lee, K., Luo, H. (2020). Potential impact of the 2017 high blood pressure guideline beyond the United States: A case study of the People’s Republic of China. American Journal of Hypertension, 33 (9), 846-851.
  75. Yu, R., Wu, S. J. Huang, A., Gold, N., Huang, H., Fu, G., & Lee, K. (2019). Using polygraph to detect passengers carrying illegal items. Frontiers in Psychology. doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00322 [link to pdf]
  76. Luo, H., Wei, J., Yasin, Y., Wu, S.J., Barszczyk, A., & Lee, K. (2019). Stress determined through heart rate variability predict immune function. Neuroimmunomodulation. doi.org/10.1159/000500863
  77. Luo, H., Yang, D., Barszczyk, A., Vempala, N., Wei, J., Wu, S.J., Zheng, P.P, Fu, G., Lee, K., & Feng, Z. (2019). Smartphone-based blood pressure measurement using transdermal optical imaging technology. Circulation: Cardiovascular Imaging. doi.org/10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.119.008857
  78. Barszczyk, A., & Lee, K. (2019). Measuring Blood Pressure: from Cuff to Smartphone. Current Hypertension Reports, 21(11), 84.
  79. Wei, J., Luo, H., Wu, S.J.*, Zheng, P.P.*, Fu, G., & Lee, K. (2018). Transdermal Optical Imaging reveal basal stress via heart rate variability analysis: A novel methodology comparable to electrocardiography. Frontiers in Psychology. doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00098 [link to pdf]
  80. Liu, J.*, Luo, H., Zheng, P.*, Wu, S.J.*, & Lee, K. (2018) Transdermal optical imaging revealed different spatiotemporal patterns of facial cardiovascular activities. Nature Scientific Reports 8:10588. doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-28804-0 [link to pdf]
    81. Books & Chapters
  81. Liu, S., Sun, Y.H., Waese-Perlman, A.A., Lee, N.Y., Zhang, H., Lee, K. (2022). Symptom based models of COVID-19 infection using AI. In: Lidströmer, N., Eldar, Y.C. (eds) Artificial Intelligence in Covid-19. Springer, Cham. doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08506-2_8
  82. Heyman, G.D. & Lee, K. (in press). Moral development: Revisiting Kohlberg's stages. In A.M. Slater & P.C. Quinn (Eds.), Developmental psychology: Revisiting the classic studies. London: Sage.
  83. Banerjee, R., Heyman, G.D., & Lee, K. (2020). The development of moral self-presentation. In L.A. Jensen (Ed.), Handbook of moral development: An interdisciplinary perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  84. Heyman, G.D., Zhao, L., Compton, B.J., & Lee, K. (2019). Dishonesty in young children. In A. Bucciol and N. Montinari (Eds.), Dishonesty in behavioral economics. London: Elsevier Science & Technology Books.